The inversion reaction of saccharose, which is catalysed by protons, produces invert sugar, which is a mixture of glucose and fructose. The reaction is accompanied by a change in the optical rotation of the system. Glucose rotates the polarisation plane of linearly polarised light to the right, while inverted sugar rotates it to the left. A half-shade polarimeter is used for the measurement of the change in the angle of rotation of polarised light during the inversion reaction of saccharose over time.

Benefits

• Easy entry into polarimetry
• Combination of methodological skills and theoretical knowledge

Tasks

1. Determine the specific rotation of saccharose and lactose by measuring the rotation angle of solutions of various concentrations.
2. Determine the rate constant of the inversion of saccharose.

Learning objectives

• Reaction rate
• First order reaction
• Polarimetry
• Optical rotation

Necessary accessories

• Precision balance 620g/0.001g

Function and Applications
DNA analysis has never been so simple and clear. Our experimental set contains all the necessary equipment needed for experiments in genetics, including the sensational blueGel gel electrophoresis system and the practical 3-in-1 agarose tablets (agarose, TBE-salt and a fluorescent dye). In addition, the set contains a washable pipetting practice card, which saves time and material when training with the pipette. The 3-in-1 agarose tablets, together with the blueGel system, allows visualization of DNA separation while it is being performed! Latest LED technology makes UV light superfluous. The enclosed foldable darkroom allows filming and photographing with your own smart phone. Gel electrophoresis finally without high voltage; the 48V power supply unit for electrophoresis is included. The 3-in-1 agarose tablets contain agarose, TBE and a harmless fluorescent dye that makes DNA and RNA glow – just add water, boil it up, and you are done.
Benefits

• All necessary equipment for gel electrophoresis in one set, including the power supply for electrophoresis.
• Included are the blueGel gel electrophoresis system and the 3-in-1 agarose tablets, which together enable live observation through built-in LED.
• No harmful chemicals required.
• Microliter pipette (2 µl – 20 µl), matching tips and a pipetting practice card are also included.
• Minimum preparation time.

Equipment and Technical Data

• The equipment set consists of all components necessary for the experiments; only the TBE electrophoresis buffer must be purchased separately.
• Stable, stackable storage boxes with unit-shaped foam insert
• Four kits available (to purchase separately): plasmid DNA, Lambda DNA, DNA fingerprinting, paternity test

Chromatographic separation processes are very important for analytical chemistry. Their relatively simple technique and the possibility to separate even the smallest portions of mixtures explain the rapid development of these processes. There are numerous variations of this method.

As a result, the optimum chromatographic separation method can be found for nearly every separation task. The method that is described here can be used to demonstrate the fundamental principles and possibilities of this method with relatively simple means.

Benefits

• Didactic introduction to a basic separation process

Tasks

Separate a dye mixture by thin-layer chromatography.

Learning objectives

• Thin-layer chromatography
• Separation procedure
• Adsorbent material
• Stationary phase
• Mobile phase
• Capillary action

In this investigation, a uniformly green raw extract of fresh leaves is first separated into different fractions by means of column chromatography. To do so, the extract is added to a column filled with starch and drawn through the column under slightly reduced pressure (to increase the flow rate of the mobile phase) with ligroin as the eluent. A separation occurs in a clearly recognisable, broad, yellow area and in a narrow, green band. This means that the xanthophylls (yellow) are separated from the chlorophylls (green). If the vacuum is reduced during the separation, the separation is much better, but then separation also takes considerably longer. Each of the separation fractions can be collected individually and characterised by recording their absorption spectra, if necessary, or examined for fluorescence by radiation with UV light.

Benefits

• Optimised for demonstration experiments: Transformation from horizontal into vertical direction
• Practical water jet pump for easy generation of the required negative pressure
• Didactic introduction to a basic separation process

Tasks

Investigate different leaf pigments using column chromatography.

Learning objectives

• Chlorophyll
• Column chromatography
• Leaf pigments
• Xanthophyll

Cantilever electrical measurement modes of the atomic force microscope (09700-99)

Equipment and Technical Data

• for electrical modes (EFM, Spreading resistance, Force modulation)
• Material: Si, monolithic
• Coating on both sides: electrical conductive (Pt/Cr)
• Holder chip: 3.4 x 1.6 x 0.3 mm, with alignment grooves
• Tip radius: less than 25nm
• Resonance Frequency: 75 kHz
• Spring constant: 3 N/m
• Length: 0.225mm
• Width: 0.028mm
• 10 pcs
• Weight: 0.04 kg

Cantilever for Magnetic Force Microscopy with the AFM (09700-99).

Equipment and Technical Data

• for Magnetic Force Microscopy
• Material: Si, monolithic
• Reflex coating: Aluminium
• Coating at sample side: magnetic (Pt/Cr)
• Chip holder: 3.4 x 1.6 x 0.3 mm, with alignment grooves
• Resonance frequency: 75 kHz
• Spring constant: 3 N/m
• Length: 0.225mm
• Width: 0.038mm
• Tip radius: less than 60nm
• 10 pcs
• Weight: 0.04 kg

Cantilever for dynamic (intermittent) AFM (09700-99)

Equipment and Technical Data

• for intermittent mode AFM
• Material: Si, monolithic
• Reflex coating: Aluminium
• Chip holder: 3.4 x 1.6 x 0.3 mm, with alignment grooves
• Resonance frequency: 190 kHz
• Spring constant: 48 N/m
• Lenght: 0.225mm
• Width: 0.038mm
• Tip radius: less than 10nm
• 10 pcs
• Weight: 0.04 kg

Cantilever for Contact Mode AFM (09700-99)

Equipment and Technical Data

• for Contact Mode
• Material: Si, monolithic
• Reflex coating: Aluminium
• Holder chip: 3.4 x 1.6 x 0.3 mm, with alignment grooves
• Resonance frequency: 13 kHz
• Spring Constant: 0,2 N/m
• Length: 0.45mm
• Width: 0.05mm
• Tip radius: less than 10nm
• 10 pcs
• Weight: 0.04 kg

Software package to extend the operating modes of the compact atomic force microscope (09700-99) with conductive AFM, Force Modulation, and Spreading Resistance for material analysis. Incl. Set of samples and cantilevers.

Equipment and Technical Data

• Software package / Activation key for:
• • Conductive AFM
  • Spreading Resistance
  • Force Modulation
  • Current-Voltage spectroscopy
• Set of 3 Samples:
• • Sample for MFM (Magnetic Force Microscopy) – Digital Data Storage (DDS) Tape
  • Sample for Spreading Resistance – Graphit (HOPG)
  • Sample for Phase Contrast – PS/PMMA Films
• Set of 8 Cantilever:
• • 4 x Multi75E-G (Pt/Cr conductive coating, Dynamic Force Mode) for Force Modulation, EFM, Spreading Resistance, conductive AFM
  • 4 x MFMR (magnetic coating, Dynamic Force Mode) for MFM

Please refer to the AFM manual delivered with the AFM device and integrated in the measure nano software package (Help Panel) for further instructions. PS/PMMA Sample is also suitable for Force Spectroscopy and Scratching together with the Basic Set (09700-99) and/or Manipulation upgrade (09702-00)

Compact and easy to use atomic force microscope to visualize and image structures on the micro and nano meter scale. Developed for educational purposes in practical lab course and pre-research labs in physics, chemistry, life sciences and material sciences.

Benefits

• Compact all-in-one instrument: easy to handle, easy to carry around
• Complete didactical solution: instrument + samples + probes + tools + experiment guides
• Research-oriented system at a third of the price of a research instrument
• Automatic approach of probe to sample to avoid damaging of both samples and probe
• Probes easy to insert and change
• No adjustment of laser required

Equipment and Technical Data

• Modes of operation: Static Force, Dynamic Force, Force-Distance Spectroscopy, Amplitude-Distance Spectroscopy, Voltage-Distance Spectroscopy, Phase contrast mode, MFM, EFM.
• Scan head with integrated control-unit on vibration-isolated experimentation board: dimensions 21cm x 21cm x 18cm, USB 2.0 interface.
• Flip mechanism to access tip and sample, with automatic retract of scan head and automatic switch-off of sample illumination.
• Maximum scanning speed of 60 ms/line.
• Up to 2048×2048 data points.
• Scan type (tip scanner): linear low voltage electro magnetic.
• Maximum Scan Range: 70 µm (10% manafacturing tolerance).
• Maximum Z-range: 14 µm.
• Drive resolution in XY: 1.1 nm.
• Drive resolution in Z: 1.1 nm.
• Z-measurement noise level (RMS static mode): 0.6 nm.
• Z-measurement noise level (RMS dynamic mode): 0.5 nm.
• Automatic approach: vertical, range 4.5 mm.
• Sample size: max. 13 mm in diameter, horizontal mount, magnetic fixed.
• Micrometer translation stage xy: travel in each direction min. +/- 5 mm.
• Cantilever Aligment: automatic adjustment.
• Cantilevers: with alignment grooves for cantilevers of various suppliers.
• Camera system for top view: USB digital color, 2048×1536 pixel, less than 2 µm resolution, Digital zoom: x1, 2x, x4.
• View field for top/ side view: ca. 3mm x 3mm / 5mm x 5mm.
• Sample Illumination: White LED.
• Electrical connection to tip.
• Other modes (spreading resistance, force modulation, conductive AFM, lithography and advanced spectroscopy modes) available with upgrade options material and spectroscopy and manipulation.
• Set of cantilevers (4 x static mode, 4 x dynamic mode).
• Set of 4 spare sample holders for own samples.
• Set of 6 different samples (nanotubes, CD Stamper, chip structure, skin cross section, microstructure, Staphylococcus bacteria).
• Toolset for mounting cantilever and samples.
• Power supply: 100-240V, 50/60Hz.
• Plastic case with the dimensions 44cm x 32cm x 25cm.
• Software for measuring, manipulation, analysing and visualization (one, two, and three dimensions).
• Handbook incl. short description of starting experiments and 5 detailed described experimental guides: basic imaging methods, basic force spectroscopy, material contrast, MFM, imaging biological samples.
• Weight (incl. case): 10 kg.

Required accessories

• Computer with Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7/8/10, USB interface, 256MB RAM, 1024×758 graphics card, 16-bit color resolution or better.